E carbon sources and to catabolize them via different pathways (glycolysis, pentose phosphate, TCA cycles and Entner-Doudoroff pathways). Strain JC301T could effectively catabolize a variety of carbon substrates, such as Dfructose, L-arabinose, ribose, D-raffinose, xylose, D-galacturonate and D-glucuronate. Glycogen is a major intracellular carbon AZD-8835 web source reserve polymer. It is accumulated under conditions of limiting growth when an excess of carbon is available and other nutrients are deficient [46]. In strain JC301T, both the genes encoding the proteins required for glycogen biosynthesis and glycogen degradation are present, suggesting that it can survive for a longer period under carbohydrate starvation conditions. A variety of enzymes are present, including those required for gluconeogenesis and fermentation to lactate and acetate, as well as production of butyrate from branched amino acids. Acetyl-CoA can be used for anabolic purposes (fatty acid synthesis) or converted to acetate and butyrate. All four genes that encode enzymes for butyrate fermentation are found in the genome, including acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, 3hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, crotonase, and butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase.Carbohydrate metabolismT. senegalensis strain PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28607003 JC301T uses the nonmevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. All genes necessary for fatty acid and phospholipid biosynthesis are present. The strain also possesses the genes necessary for fatty acid biosynthesis initiation, keto group reduction, dehydration, and enoyl reduction. A cardiolipin synthetase gene is predicted in the JC301T genome. ThisFatty acid biosynthesis and oxidationAll genes required for de novo inosine monophosphate synthesis appear to be present in the T. senegalensis genome. Genes for uracil monophosphate synthesis are also organized in an operon interrupted by a conserved hypothetical ORF. The ORFs that encode the enzymes of uracil monophosphate (UMP) biosynthesis are closely related to the Gram-positive S. keddieii. Nucleoside monophosphate kinases for all types of nucleotides are present. Deoxyribonucleotides can be synthesized under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions by ribonucleoside-diphosphate and ribonucleosidetriphosphate reductases. Enzymes necessary for the purine and pyrimidine salvage pathway are also present. The purine salvage enzymes and uracil phosphoribosyltransferase are highly homologous to the corresponding enzymes of Grampositive bacteria. Thymidine monophosphate is formed by thymidylate synthase from dUMP, providing the only interconversion pathway between pyrimidine nucleotides. In addition, there are four genes from the xanthine/uracil permease family of proteins involved in the transport of free bases. Thus, T. senegalensis can use exogenous bases and nucleosides. The pst operon encodes a phosphate-binding periplasmic protein, transport protein PstC, and a permease protein (PstA). All genes for phosphate lyase or other phosphonate degradation enzymes are present, suggesting that phosphates can be transported and further used.Nucleotide metabolismenzyme is found almost exclusively in certain bacterial membranes (plasma membrane and hydrogenosomes) and functions to generate an electrochemical potential for substrate transport and ATP synthesis [47]. In addition, the strain has genes of the fatty acid beta-oxidation system, suggesting that it can use fatty acids as carbon sources.Standards in Genomic SciencesThe T. senegalensis components of the.