Utilized for our study. For example, we find that citizenship status is a critical source of variation for Latinos that has implications for the measurement of group identity. The dimensions of group consciousness vary by citizenship among Latinos, yet we cannot adequately assess this among the Asian American sample in this data given the limitations with the language of interview for this population. With Asian interviews only conducted in English we also lose the opportunity to fully explore potential variation in linked fate among Asian Americans based on language, citizenship status, as well as nativity due to the limited sample. Thus, the higher levels of linked fate found in this study for Asians relative to Latinos may be at least somewhat the product of these limitations in the data available. We feel that these are interesting and important hypotheses that should be developed further by scholars focused on understanding internal variation in group identity within populations with large foreign-born populations when better data becomes available. Finally, although we want to stress that this dataset is the most appropriate for our analysis, it was collected in 2004 and much has happened politically that may have implications for racial identity. Most notably, the anti-immigrant political climate and unprecedented passage of punitive immigration laws across the US states may also have significant consequences for the formation of Latino linked fate. In fact, recent survey data collected by Latino Decisions has suggested that an overwhelming majority of Latino adults believe that there is both an anti-Latino and anti-immigrant climate in the United States today.8 It is very likely that this socio-political climate has increased perceptions of linked or common fate among the Latino population. Beyond implications for lower TF14016 web reported levels of linked fate than anticipated, the time period of data collection has implications for more current drivers of group identity for other racial and ethnic groups as well. We have seen the election of the first African American to the presidency, with President Obama effectively mobilizing minority voters in ways that likely influence group identity. Similarly, there has been a significant increase in the multiracial population in the US over the past ten years, accompanied by advancement in our measurement AZD4547 biological activity approaches for this sub-group (Masuoka, 2010). Given that our study is not able to explore nuances within group identity within the multi-racial population, scholars should look to incorporate our approach with this population in the future. Finally, while exploring how inter-sectionality may influence group identity across racial/ethnic groups is outside of the scope of our analysis, exploring how gender consciousness intersects with racial and ethnic identity is definitely worth pursuing if data becomes available to do so. We hope that our analysis has improved our working knowledge of the concepts of group consciousness and linked fate so that scholars pursuing the research questions we could not address here will improve their research designs.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript8http://www.latinodecisions.com/files/1214/2707/3700/UNM_RWJF_Center_Toplines_Posted.pdf Polit Res Q. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 March 01.Sanchez and VargasPage
HHS Public AccessAuthor manuscriptProg Lipid Res. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 April 01.Publish.Utilized for our study. For example, we find that citizenship status is a critical source of variation for Latinos that has implications for the measurement of group identity. The dimensions of group consciousness vary by citizenship among Latinos, yet we cannot adequately assess this among the Asian American sample in this data given the limitations with the language of interview for this population. With Asian interviews only conducted in English we also lose the opportunity to fully explore potential variation in linked fate among Asian Americans based on language, citizenship status, as well as nativity due to the limited sample. Thus, the higher levels of linked fate found in this study for Asians relative to Latinos may be at least somewhat the product of these limitations in the data available. We feel that these are interesting and important hypotheses that should be developed further by scholars focused on understanding internal variation in group identity within populations with large foreign-born populations when better data becomes available. Finally, although we want to stress that this dataset is the most appropriate for our analysis, it was collected in 2004 and much has happened politically that may have implications for racial identity. Most notably, the anti-immigrant political climate and unprecedented passage of punitive immigration laws across the US states may also have significant consequences for the formation of Latino linked fate. In fact, recent survey data collected by Latino Decisions has suggested that an overwhelming majority of Latino adults believe that there is both an anti-Latino and anti-immigrant climate in the United States today.8 It is very likely that this socio-political climate has increased perceptions of linked or common fate among the Latino population. Beyond implications for lower reported levels of linked fate than anticipated, the time period of data collection has implications for more current drivers of group identity for other racial and ethnic groups as well. We have seen the election of the first African American to the presidency, with President Obama effectively mobilizing minority voters in ways that likely influence group identity. Similarly, there has been a significant increase in the multiracial population in the US over the past ten years, accompanied by advancement in our measurement approaches for this sub-group (Masuoka, 2010). Given that our study is not able to explore nuances within group identity within the multi-racial population, scholars should look to incorporate our approach with this population in the future. Finally, while exploring how inter-sectionality may influence group identity across racial/ethnic groups is outside of the scope of our analysis, exploring how gender consciousness intersects with racial and ethnic identity is definitely worth pursuing if data becomes available to do so. We hope that our analysis has improved our working knowledge of the concepts of group consciousness and linked fate so that scholars pursuing the research questions we could not address here will improve their research designs.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript8http://www.latinodecisions.com/files/1214/2707/3700/UNM_RWJF_Center_Toplines_Posted.pdf Polit Res Q. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 March 01.Sanchez and VargasPage
HHS Public AccessAuthor manuscriptProg Lipid Res. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 April 01.Publish.