Ceive 18F-FDG PET/CT scans over time; examinations were performed at 8, 72, and 168 hr (n = 5 for each time group) after treatment with Gh-rTDH. For this study, 0.07 mCi of 18F-FDG was administered to each mouse by tail vein injection. Imaging was performed under appropriate general anesthesia (Isoflurane) one hour after 18F-FDG injection. In this study, each mouse did not receive a 18F-FDG PET/CT scan at each time point. The recurring general anesthesia might cause hepatotoxicity, which could influence the results of the study. For this analysis, the 18FFDG uptake value was calculated by using a region of interestapproach (ROI). The ROIs of liver and muscle (left foot) were determined by a semi-quantitative method using the ratio of liver/ muscle 18F-FDG uptake.purchase Ravoxertinib Infection Models of in vivo Hepatotoxicity of G. hollisae, Escherichia coli Expressing Recombinant Gh-tdh (E. coliTOPO-tdh), and the E. coli-TOPO Strain in BALB/c Mice (n = 126)An animal infection model was established to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of get Ravoxertinib bacterial infection. The G. hollisae (wild type), E. coli-TOPO-tdh, and E. coli-TOPO strains were cultured. A total of 75 mice were assigned to one of three major groups (n = 25 for each group) and infected with bacteria via oral administration. Two groups were infected with G. hollisae and E. coli-TOPO-tdh toHepatotoxicity of Thermostable Direct HemolysinFigure 3. The MTT assay. The MTT assay revealed that the cytoviability of both (A) mouse and (B) human liver cells decreased in proportion to the concentration of Gh-rTDH over different treatment durations. Moreover, we noted that Gh-rTDH damaged liver cells in vitro when the concentration of Gh-rTDH exceeded 1026 mg/ml. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056226.gdemonstrate their hepatotoxicity; the third group was infected with E. coli-TOPO as a control. For each major group, five subgroups were established (n = 5 for each group) according to treatment dosage (107, 108, 109, 1010, and 1011 organisms/ml, all with the same volumes). A total of 100 ml of whole blood was withdrawn at 8 different time points: before treatment with bacteria and 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and 256 hours after bacterial treatment. Blood samples were analyzed for continued liver function (GOT, GPT, total bilirubin, albumin, and globulin). In addition, 6 mice were treated with 1011 organisms/ml of G. hollisae, E. coli-TOPO-tdh, and E. coli-TOPO (n = 2 for each group). For these animals, liver biopsies and H E staining (200X) were performed 8 hr after bacterial treatment. Finally, 54 mice were treated with G. hollisae, E. coliTOPO-tdh, and E. coli-TOPO (n = 18 for each group) with a singleadministration. Within each group, mice were sub-grouped for treatment with bacteria at concentrations of 107, 109, and 1011 organisms/ml (n = 6 for each group). In each concentration group, mice received a PET/CT scan at 8, 72, and 168 hr (n = 2 for each group) after bacterial treatment.Results 1. Identification of Gh-rTDH Purified from G. hollisaeSDS-PAGE of the homogeneous protein indicated a molecular mass of ,22 kDa. Moreover, the tandem mass spectrum of the doubly charged tryptic peptide at m/z 1024.543 from an SDSPAGE of Gh-rTDH revealed a unique hit matchingHepatotoxicity of Thermostable Direct HemolysinFigure 4. Subcellular localization of Gh-rTDH. Liver cells were treated with 10 mg/ml Gh-rTDH-FITC for 20 (A ) or 40 (D ) min at 26uC and were then observed by confocal microscopy. (A) The liver cells were observed without a FIT.Ceive 18F-FDG PET/CT scans over time; examinations were performed at 8, 72, and 168 hr (n = 5 for each time group) after treatment with Gh-rTDH. For this study, 0.07 mCi of 18F-FDG was administered to each mouse by tail vein injection. Imaging was performed under appropriate general anesthesia (Isoflurane) one hour after 18F-FDG injection. In this study, each mouse did not receive a 18F-FDG PET/CT scan at each time point. The recurring general anesthesia might cause hepatotoxicity, which could influence the results of the study. For this analysis, the 18FFDG uptake value was calculated by using a region of interestapproach (ROI). The ROIs of liver and muscle (left foot) were determined by a semi-quantitative method using the ratio of liver/ muscle 18F-FDG uptake.Infection Models of in vivo Hepatotoxicity of G. hollisae, Escherichia coli Expressing Recombinant Gh-tdh (E. coliTOPO-tdh), and the E. coli-TOPO Strain in BALB/c Mice (n = 126)An animal infection model was established to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of bacterial infection. The G. hollisae (wild type), E. coli-TOPO-tdh, and E. coli-TOPO strains were cultured. A total of 75 mice were assigned to one of three major groups (n = 25 for each group) and infected with bacteria via oral administration. Two groups were infected with G. hollisae and E. coli-TOPO-tdh toHepatotoxicity of Thermostable Direct HemolysinFigure 3. The MTT assay. The MTT assay revealed that the cytoviability of both (A) mouse and (B) human liver cells decreased in proportion to the concentration of Gh-rTDH over different treatment durations. Moreover, we noted that Gh-rTDH damaged liver cells in vitro when the concentration of Gh-rTDH exceeded 1026 mg/ml. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056226.gdemonstrate their hepatotoxicity; the third group was infected with E. coli-TOPO as a control. For each major group, five subgroups were established (n = 5 for each group) according to treatment dosage (107, 108, 109, 1010, and 1011 organisms/ml, all with the same volumes). A total of 100 ml of whole blood was withdrawn at 8 different time points: before treatment with bacteria and 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and 256 hours after bacterial treatment. Blood samples were analyzed for continued liver function (GOT, GPT, total bilirubin, albumin, and globulin). In addition, 6 mice were treated with 1011 organisms/ml of G. hollisae, E. coli-TOPO-tdh, and E. coli-TOPO (n = 2 for each group). For these animals, liver biopsies and H E staining (200X) were performed 8 hr after bacterial treatment. Finally, 54 mice were treated with G. hollisae, E. coliTOPO-tdh, and E. coli-TOPO (n = 18 for each group) with a singleadministration. Within each group, mice were sub-grouped for treatment with bacteria at concentrations of 107, 109, and 1011 organisms/ml (n = 6 for each group). In each concentration group, mice received a PET/CT scan at 8, 72, and 168 hr (n = 2 for each group) after bacterial treatment.Results 1. Identification of Gh-rTDH Purified from G. hollisaeSDS-PAGE of the homogeneous protein indicated a molecular mass of ,22 kDa. Moreover, the tandem mass spectrum of the doubly charged tryptic peptide at m/z 1024.543 from an SDSPAGE of Gh-rTDH revealed a unique hit matchingHepatotoxicity of Thermostable Direct HemolysinFigure 4. Subcellular localization of Gh-rTDH. Liver cells were treated with 10 mg/ml Gh-rTDH-FITC for 20 (A ) or 40 (D ) min at 26uC and were then observed by confocal microscopy. (A) The liver cells were observed without a FIT.