Cytes; (B) ?neutrophils. N = 4? mice per group. Data are expressed as means 6 SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052969.g(Figures 6A and 6B). Quantitatively, MK8931 web SPLUNC1 protein in airway epithelium was induced up to 6-fold in NF-kB Tg+ mice (Figure 6C). Collectively, our data suggested that 9-TB-mediated airway NF-kB activation decreased lung Mp load coupled with increased airway epithelial SPLUNC1 protein expression.DiscussionOur current study has clarified the in vivo role of airway epithelial NF-kB activation in host defense against Mp infection by administrating a non-antimicrobial tetracycline analog 9-TB 15900046 in conditional NF-kB transgenic mice. Specifically, our data suggest that airway epithelial cell NF-kB activation enhances Mp clearance form the lung. One of the primary barriers in the study of in vivo airway epithelial NF-kB host defense functions is the lack of an appropriate animal model. Although Dox-inducible NF-kB transgenic mice have been generated to study the role of NF-kB activation in airway inflammation [8,9], studying bacterial infection in these mice was almost impossible due to the broadspectrum antibiotic nature of Dox. Therefore it is important to develop a novel animal model to study the role of airway epithelialNF-kB against bacteria that are very sensitive to Dox. The major strength of our current study is that we have overcome the broad bactericidal effect of Dox by using a non-antimicrobial tetracycline analog (i.e., 9-TB) to induce NF-kB activation in CC10-CAIKKb (NF-kB transgenic) mice. Our mouse model clearly offers a 
novel approach to study how airway epithelial NF-kB activation promotes clearance of bacteria that are susceptible to Dox. Our data demonstrated that 9-TB significantly reduced lung Mp load in transgenic positive mice as compared with transgenic negative mice. Although we only included Mp in this study, we speculate that 9-TB can be used in CC10-CAIKKb mice to study the role of airway epithelial NF-kB in lung infection with other strains of bacteria. Airway epithelial NF-kB activation in healthy human subjects may serve as a protective mechanism against bacterial infection. As we reported previously [19], bacteria-induced NF-kB activation under an allergic or Th2 cytokine (a major mediator in asthma lungs) milieu is dampened compared with that under a healthy condition, which may explain the persistent nature of bacterial infection in asthma. Similar to previous studies showing lung NF-kB activation following Dox treatment in CC10-CAIKKb mice [8], 9-TB alsoFigure 4. 9-TB treatment increases KC and IL-6 MedChemExpress Octapressin levels in CC10-CAIKKb transgene positive (Tg+), but not transgene negative (Tg? mice with saline treatment. (A) ?KC; (B) ?IL-6. N = 4? mice per group. Data are expressed as means 6 SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052969.gAirway NF-kB Activation and Bacterial InfectionFigure 5. 9-TB reduces lung Mp load in CC10-CAIKKb transgene positive (Tg+) mice. Left lungs from Mp-infected mice (24 hours after infection) were homogenized and plated on PPLO-plates to count Mp CFUs. 9-TB significantly reduced lung Mp load in Tg+ mice, but had a minimal impact on Mp load in transgene negative (Tg? mice. N = 4?6 mice per group. Data are expressed as means 6 SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052969.gincreased lung NF-kB activation. In addition, we found that NFkB activation-associated inflammatory markers were also increased by 9-TB, including leukocytes (e.g., neutrophils) and cytokines (e.g., KC and IL-6). Our data furthe.Cytes; (B) ?neutrophils. N = 4? mice per group. Data are expressed as means 6 SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052969.g(Figures 6A and 6B). Quantitatively, SPLUNC1 protein in 
airway epithelium was induced up to 6-fold in NF-kB Tg+ mice (Figure 6C). Collectively, our data suggested that 9-TB-mediated airway NF-kB activation decreased lung Mp load coupled with increased airway epithelial SPLUNC1 protein expression.DiscussionOur current study has clarified the in vivo role of airway epithelial NF-kB activation in host defense against Mp infection by administrating a non-antimicrobial tetracycline analog 9-TB 15900046 in conditional NF-kB transgenic mice. Specifically, our data suggest that airway epithelial cell NF-kB activation enhances Mp clearance form the lung. One of the primary barriers in the study of in vivo airway epithelial NF-kB host defense functions is the lack of an appropriate animal model. Although Dox-inducible NF-kB transgenic mice have been generated to study the role of NF-kB activation in airway inflammation [8,9], studying bacterial infection in these mice was almost impossible due to the broadspectrum antibiotic nature of Dox. Therefore it is important to develop a novel animal model to study the role of airway epithelialNF-kB against bacteria that are very sensitive to Dox. The major strength of our current study is that we have overcome the broad bactericidal effect of Dox by using a non-antimicrobial tetracycline analog (i.e., 9-TB) to induce NF-kB activation in CC10-CAIKKb (NF-kB transgenic) mice. Our mouse model clearly offers a novel approach to study how airway epithelial NF-kB activation promotes clearance of bacteria that are susceptible to Dox. Our data demonstrated that 9-TB significantly reduced lung Mp load in transgenic positive mice as compared with transgenic negative mice. Although we only included Mp in this study, we speculate that 9-TB can be used in CC10-CAIKKb mice to study the role of airway epithelial NF-kB in lung infection with other strains of bacteria. Airway epithelial NF-kB activation in healthy human subjects may serve as a protective mechanism against bacterial infection. As we reported previously [19], bacteria-induced NF-kB activation under an allergic or Th2 cytokine (a major mediator in asthma lungs) milieu is dampened compared with that under a healthy condition, which may explain the persistent nature of bacterial infection in asthma. Similar to previous studies showing lung NF-kB activation following Dox treatment in CC10-CAIKKb mice [8], 9-TB alsoFigure 4. 9-TB treatment increases KC and IL-6 levels in CC10-CAIKKb transgene positive (Tg+), but not transgene negative (Tg? mice with saline treatment. (A) ?KC; (B) ?IL-6. N = 4? mice per group. Data are expressed as means 6 SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052969.gAirway NF-kB Activation and Bacterial InfectionFigure 5. 9-TB reduces lung Mp load in CC10-CAIKKb transgene positive (Tg+) mice. Left lungs from Mp-infected mice (24 hours after infection) were homogenized and plated on PPLO-plates to count Mp CFUs. 9-TB significantly reduced lung Mp load in Tg+ mice, but had a minimal impact on Mp load in transgene negative (Tg? mice. N = 4?6 mice per group. Data are expressed as means 6 SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052969.gincreased lung NF-kB activation. In addition, we found that NFkB activation-associated inflammatory markers were also increased by 9-TB, including leukocytes (e.g., neutrophils) and cytokines (e.g., KC and IL-6). Our data furthe.