S might have considerable cross-reactivity [19]. In the present study, we report several unique recombinant Fab fragments obtained from an immunized phage display library that target the CS peptide of HA derived from HPAI H5N1 virus (HA331), and we discuss their potential applications in diagnostics.Antibodies for HPAI H5N1 VirusesResults Selection of recombinant anti-HA331 Fab fragments by phage library screeningThe strategy for making anti-HA331 monoclonal antibodies is shown in Fig. 1, A and B. First, mice were immunized with the HA331-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate. After the quantitation of peptide-specific antibodies in sera, the variable region genes of the antibody heavy (VH) and light (VL) chains were prepared and cloned to a phagemid vector to perform phage display selection. We used a pDong1/Fab phagemid vector that was previously used to clone anti-T4 Fab fragments [20]. Using this system, the cDNA fragments for VH and VL were iteratively cloned into pDong1/Fab, and a bacterial library with a diversity of 56106 was used to make the Fab-phage library. After three rounds of biopanning selection, an ELISA with immobilized HA331 peptide was performed with the original (R0) and Solvent Yellow 14 chemical information selected (R1 3) libraries to confirm the enrichment of HA331-specific phages. The signals for R0, R1, R2 and R3 phages increased gradually in the ELISA, confirming the enrichment of specific Fab-phages (data not shown).HA containing a multibasic CS (A/Vietnam/1194/04). In contrast, none of the clones bound to H1N1 HA or BSA, suggesting their specificity for the H5N1 HA CS.Characterization of binding specificityTo further characterize the binding specificity of the obtained clones, phage ELISA was performed for several other HA proteins (Fig. 2A). As a result, clones A3 and D4 showed relatively strong binding to the two H5N1 HAs with slightly different CS, while other two clones showed weaker binding to these proteins. On the contrary, negligible binding was observed for HA-Fc whose CS is purchase 223488-57-1 mutated, or for an H7N7-HA that has similar but distinct multibasic CS sequence (Fig. 2C). To clarify the epitope sequence(s) recognized by these clones, epitope scanning based on phage ELISA added with 
overlapping 7-mer peptides was performed (Fig. 2B). In spite of lower signal due to lower titer of the phages used, the result clearly showed an asymmetric inhibition pattern involving a core sequence of (NS)PQRER for all the four clones. In other words, the core epitope sequence of 15755315 the clones was not the multibasic sequence itself, but a neighboring HPAI H5N1 HA-specific characteristic sequence. However, this will be favorable for cellular diagnosis since the multibasic sequence itself will be cleaved upon viral infection. When this epitope sequence is mapped on the individual HA sequences, a clear correlation of the reactivity and amino acid identity to the immunized peptide was observed (Fig. 2C).Monoclonal antibody selectionThe phages obtained at round 3 were used to infect bacteria, and ninety-six clones were selected and cultivated for making Fabphage. When an ELISA was performed, four clones–A3, A4, D4, and D8–showed strong signal against immobilized streptavidin (SAv)-HA331, and these were further analyzed. When the specificity of these clones was tested with two different HA proteins and BSA (Fig. 1C), clones A3, A4, D4, and D8 clearly bound to both the positive control, SAv-HA331, and the H5NPreparation and characterization of soluble Fab fragmentsUsing th.S might have considerable cross-reactivity [19]. In the present study, we report several unique recombinant Fab fragments obtained from an immunized phage display library that target the CS peptide of HA derived from HPAI H5N1 virus (HA331), and we discuss their potential applications in diagnostics.Antibodies for HPAI H5N1 VirusesResults Selection of recombinant anti-HA331 Fab fragments by phage library screeningThe strategy for making anti-HA331 monoclonal antibodies is shown in Fig. 1, A and B. First, mice were immunized with the HA331-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate. After the quantitation of peptide-specific antibodies in sera, the variable region genes of the antibody heavy (VH) and light (VL) chains were prepared and cloned to a phagemid vector to perform phage display selection. We used a pDong1/Fab phagemid vector that was previously used to clone anti-T4 Fab fragments [20]. Using this system, the cDNA fragments for VH and VL were iteratively cloned into pDong1/Fab, and a bacterial library with a diversity of 56106 was used to make the Fab-phage library. After three rounds of biopanning selection, an ELISA with immobilized HA331 peptide was performed with the original (R0) and selected (R1 3) libraries to confirm the enrichment of HA331-specific phages. The signals 
for R0, R1, R2 and R3 phages increased gradually in the ELISA, confirming the enrichment of specific Fab-phages (data not shown).HA containing a multibasic CS (A/Vietnam/1194/04). In contrast, none of the clones bound to H1N1 HA or BSA, suggesting their specificity for the H5N1 HA CS.Characterization of binding specificityTo further characterize the binding specificity of the obtained clones, phage ELISA was performed for several other HA proteins (Fig. 2A). As a result, clones A3 and D4 showed relatively strong binding to the two H5N1 HAs with slightly different CS, while other two clones showed weaker binding to these proteins. On the contrary, negligible binding was observed for HA-Fc whose CS is mutated, or for an H7N7-HA that has similar but distinct multibasic CS sequence (Fig. 2C). To clarify the epitope sequence(s) recognized by these clones, epitope scanning based on phage ELISA added with overlapping 7-mer peptides was performed (Fig. 2B). In spite of lower signal due to lower titer of the phages used, the result clearly showed an asymmetric inhibition pattern involving a core sequence of (NS)PQRER for all the four clones. In other words, the core epitope sequence of 15755315 the clones was not the multibasic sequence itself, but a neighboring HPAI H5N1 HA-specific characteristic sequence. However, this will be favorable for cellular diagnosis since the multibasic sequence itself will be cleaved upon viral infection. When this epitope sequence is mapped on the individual HA sequences, a clear correlation of the reactivity and amino acid identity to the immunized peptide was observed (Fig. 2C).Monoclonal antibody selectionThe phages obtained at round 3 were used to infect bacteria, and ninety-six clones were selected and cultivated for making Fabphage. When an ELISA was performed, four clones–A3, A4, D4, and D8–showed strong signal against immobilized streptavidin (SAv)-HA331, and these were further analyzed. When the specificity of these clones was tested with two different HA proteins and BSA (Fig. 1C), clones A3, A4, D4, and D8 clearly bound to both the positive control, SAv-HA331, and the H5NPreparation and characterization of soluble Fab fragmentsUsing th.