On reproductive well being is fundamental. Tables 1 and 2 summarize the adverse effects of unique MONPs on the male reproductive system, both in vitro and in vivo. Nonetheless, it is actually significant to bear in mind that these effects depend on several factors, for example dosage, duration of exposure, administration route, chemical nature with the compound (e.g., approach of synthesis, size, shape, surface charge), as well because the biological FP Inhibitor site technique involved (e.g., strain and age of animal/cell, cell variability) [15]. four.1. In Vitro Studies Handful of research have focused on the adverse effects of NPs on male germ cells in vitro (Table 1).Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22,8 ofTable 1. In vitro research of adverse effects of MONPs on mammalian male germ cells. The situations where the principle findings were observed are indicated in brackets. MONPs Cerium oxide Qualities Formula: CeO2 Size: 7 nm SA: 400 m2 /g Shape: Ellipsoidal crystallites Formula: Fe3 O4 Size: 40 nm Shape: spherical Formula: Mn3 O4 Size: 20 4.1 nm Shape: irregular sphere-like morphology Concentration and Exposure Time 0.01, 0.1, 1, ten /mL 1h 0.192 mg/mL 30, 45, and 60 min 0, five, 10, 20 /mL 6 and 24 h Cell Form Spermatozoa (Human) Spermatozoa (Boar) Sertoli Cells (Rats) Parameters – Sperm vitality; – DNA damage; – Uptake of NPs – Motility and kinetics Main Findings – Sperm viability larger than the normality threshold–58 – Increased DNA damage (0.01 /mL); – Accumulation of NPs at the plasma membrane, particularly along the flagellum, devoid of internalization – No effects on sperm motility – Raise in ROS (5 /mL, 24 h); – Alterations within the mitochondrial membrane integrity and enhance in the apoptotic prices (5 /mL, 24 h) – Viability lower (100 /mL, 3 and 6 h); – Decrease inside the integrity from the plasma membrane (1 /mL, 6 h) and acrosomal membrane (one hundred /mL, 6 h); – Boost in capacitation (ten /mL, six h); – Enhance in acrosomal reaction (1 /mL, 3 and 6 h); – Improved DNA fragmentation (ten /mL, six h); – Uptake of NPs mainly inside the plasma membrane and sperms’ head – Cell viability was not affected; – Enhance within the early apoptosis ratio for both cells and inside the late apoptosis ratio for Sertoli cells (one hundred /mL); – Dose-dependent uptake with the nanoparticles, primarily in the cytoplasm; – Disordered microtubules (spermatocytes) and microfilaments (Sertoli cells); – Decreased migration capability of spermatocytes (100 /mL); – Weakened phagocytic capacity of Sertoli cells (100 /mL) – Cell viability was not affected; – Raise in progressive and nonprogressive sperm (1, 10 /L for 45 min); – Enhance in DNA damage (1, ten /L for 30 min); – Improve in ROS production (1, 10 /L for 15 min) Reference[108]Iron oxide[109]Manganese oxide- ROS production; – MMP and apoptosis;[110]Formula: TiO2 Size: 300 nm Zeta Cereblon Inhibitor Source possible: -27.3 mV1, ten, 100 /mL 0, three, six hSpermatozoa (Bufallo)- Viability; – Acrosomal and plasma membrane integrity; – Capacitation; – Acrosome-reaction; – DNA fragmentation; – Uptake of NPs[111]Titanium oxideFormula: TiO2 Size: 21 nm Shape: spherical Zeta possible: -124.55 13.20 mV HS: 115.2 11.three nm Purity: 99.5 PDI: 0.19 Formula: TiO2 Size: 21 nm Shape: partly irregular and semispherical0.1, 1, 10, one hundred /mL 24 hSpermatocytes and Sertoli cells (Mouse)- Viability; – Apoptosis; – Uptake of NPs – Cytoskeleton; – Migration capacity; – Phagocytic activity[112]1, 10 /L 15, 30, 45, 90 minSpermatozoa (Human)- Viability; – Motility traits; – DNA damage; – ROS production[113]Int. J.