: This research was funded by the State Key Laboratory of Metal
: This analysis was funded by the State Crucial Laboratory of Metal Extrusion and Forging Equipment Technology of China. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: The information provided by this investigation is usually obtained from T.H. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
materialsArticleInvestigation of Adhesive Joining Strategies for the Application of a Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase 11 Proteins Molecular Weight Multi-Material Light Rail VehicleYiding Liu 1, , Craig Carnegie 1 , Helen Ascroft 1 , Wenhao Li 2 , Xiao Han three , Hua Guoand Darren J. HughesWarwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (H.A.); [email protected] (D.J.H.) Centre of Excellence for Aeronautics, College of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK; [email protected] Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technologies, Dalian 116024, China; [email protected] Research Institute for Clean Development and Future Mobility (CGFM), Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK; [email protected] Correspondence: [email protected]: Liu, Y.; Carnegie, C.; Ascroft, H.; Li, W.; Han, X.; Guo, H.; Hughes, D.J. Investigation of Adhesive Joining Methods for the Application of a Multi-Material Light Rail Automobile. Supplies 2021, 14, 6991. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226991 Academic Editor: Pietro Russo Received: 21 October 2021 Accepted: 15 November 2021 Published: 18 NovemberAbstract: To meet the high demand for lightweight energy-efficient and safe structures for transport applications, a existing state-of-the-art light rail vehicle structure is under improvement that adopts a multi-material design method. This strategy creates the need for sophisticated multi-material joining technologies. The compatibility with the adhesive having a wide selection of material sorts and also the possibility of joining multi-material structures can also be a important benefit to its success. In this paper, the feasibility of using either epoxy or polyurethane adhesive joining techniques applied for the multi-material vehicle structure is investigated. Importantly, consideration is given towards the effect of variation in bond thickness for each households of structural adhesives. Multi-material adhesively ADAMTS12 Proteins medchemexpress bonded single lap joints with diverse adhesives of controlled bond thicknesses have been manufactured and tested in order to experimentally assess the shear strength and stiffness. The torsional stiffness and natural frequency on the car have been modelled utilizing a worldwide two-dimensional finite element model (FEM) with distinct adhesive properties, along with the obtained car performances had been additional explained by the coupon-level experimental tests. The results showed that the automobile making use of polyurethane adhesive with a target bond thickness of 1.0 mm allowed for optimal modal frequency and weight reduction. Key phrases: multi-material light rail car; adhesive bonded joints; finite element model; single lap joint; variation in bond gap1. Introduction When compared with the aerospace, marine and automotive industries, the rail sector is generally perceived to possess been slow in its adoption of new materials; e.g., composites, in load-bearing structural elements. This is usually recognised to be because of the lack of appropriate certification procedures, with conventional high-strength steel getting most co.