E tailing storage facility in 2013. About half from the reclaimed block received a “Norco” treatment representing a mixture of chicken AS-0141 In Vivo manure (5 Mg a-1 ), hay, and herbaceous seeds (grass and forb seeds spread at a rate of 220 kg a-1 ; see Juge and Cossette [49] for the composition on the seed mix). We established our experimental plots on the Mont-Wright tailing facilities in 2015 and applied a randomized block style with six amendment treatment options, repeated in three blocks (156 m 25 m; see Table 1 for the chemical qualities of the applied amendments). Every plot measured 26 m 25 m. The amendments integrated topsoil, PMS, as well as the Norco remedy (chicken manure). The topsoil was collected in 2015 from another area on the tailing facility, and we applied the topsoil towards the suitable plots to a depth of roughly ten cm applying an all-terrain automobile, as carried out for the Niobec website. PMS had been landfilled with ash before its recovery and application (the PMS was obtained from Resolute Forest Goods, Baie-Comeau, Qu ec; see Table 1 for PMS chemical characteristics). We removed the woody debris (stumps and branches) from all plots. The six treatments were randomly assigned to six primary plots. These treatment options consisted of (1) a five-year Norco mixture (N5; plots reclaimed with Norco in 2013), (2) PMS applied at a rate of 50 Mg(dry) a-1 , (3) PMS applied at a rate of 50 Mg(dry) a-1 on leading of the N5 therapy (PMS50N5), (4) topsoil, (five) topsoil on top rated in the N5 treatment (topsoilN5), and (six) a three-year Norco mixture (N3; plots amended with Norco in 2015). The application in the Norco treatment alone may be the business-as-usual method utilized at the Mont-Wright site. We selected a mixture of neighborhood tree and shrubs species (jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lambert), green alder (Alnus alnobetula subsp. crispa (Aiton) Raus), in addition to a hybrid poplar (Populus sp. Clone 915318)) around the basis of a preliminary greenhouse-based study investigating tree survival and development (final results not shown)49. We planted this mixture of species on all experimental units. Jack pine and hybrid poplar have been obtained from the MFFP (Normandin nursery). We obtained green alder in the Girardville nursery (Girardville, Qu ec), and these alders were inoculated with Frankia (an N-fixing bacteria) at the Universitdu Sherbrooke, Qu ec. 2.three. Vegetation Survey We performed test replicates to identify the proper quadrat size for vegetation samplings. We confirmed that a 1 m2 quadrat tends to make precise estimates for our web-sites. A quadrat was set in the center of every experimental unit on the tailing web-sites. In the reference sites, we established three quadrats aligned along cardinal directions (north, south, and west) at 3 m in the web page center. Inside each and every quadrat, we assessed plant communities between June and August 2018 by visually determining the cover of these species six years (Niobec) and 3 years (Mont-Wright) post-reclamation. We assessed the combined cover; for that reason, the % cover to get a quadrat can exceed one hundred . Species had been identified to the lowest achievable taxonomic level. The inventory incorporated vascular plants, mosses, and lichens. For both sites, the identical individual performed all surveys. We collected a sample of every species to confirm its identification inside the laboratory (at the vegetation and animalLand 2021, 10,five ofecology lab in the Universitdu Qu ec Chicoutimi, the bryology lab at Universitdu Qu ec en Abitibi-T iscamingue, as well as the Louis-Marie Herbarium at Etiocholanolone web Univer.