Ctor of Christ Church, Salford, preach `a capital discourse, simple, warm and practical’.66 Although Tyndall now sought a higher form of spirituality, enriched spiritual experience was not an end in itself but was of value because it enabled a person to live truthfully. Spirituality had to inform human agency, and he viewed himself as actively shaping his own mental state and his actions. Thus he was strongly opposed to the doctrine of passive obedience–`the duty of man to be content with the state into which it pleased God to call them’–which he considered constrained people’s actions and would lead to `the exclusion of laudable exertion’.67 Indeed, the shoemaker’s son turned surveyor, turned teacher (and soon to begin laboratory work in Marburg) saw himself as an intelligent skilled workman bent on self-improvement. `Man on earth is intended to be an active agent’, he wrote to a correspondent (probably Ginty). Citing John 21:25, he proceeded to point out that Jesus had been a doer, not a thinker nor a `sayer’. He ended that letter with an affirmation of the Protestant work ethic: `Work–Work–Work is man’s great business here.’68 As already stated, by the end of the period covered by this paper Tyndall considered himself to be a freethinker. Although the term ARRY-470 biological activity freethinker is usually applied to those who rejected all religion, Tyndall sought to free himself from the need to adhere to the norms and dogmas imposed by any particular Christian sect or denomination and particularly the `inflexible’ Protestantism of his father. This is clear from the exchange he had with Robert Martin,69 a Methodist, in June 1847 over Martin’s attempt to prove from scripture the natural depravity of humankind. Tyndall questioned Martin’s arguments and his specific interpretation of certain biblical passages. In conclusion Tyndall noted that he could not conceive `that a good and merciful God would ever make our eternal salvation depend upon such slender links, as a conformity with what some are pleased to call the essentials of religion.’ Then he added a revealing autobiographical note: `I was long fettered by these things, but now thank God they are placed upon the same shelf with the swaddling clothes which bound up my infancy.’NATURE,SCIENCE AND RELIGIONAlthough he had previously worked as a surveyor for several years, Tyndall’s engagement with science was rather limited until he began teaching at Queenwood College in August 1847.71 Having to teach not only surveying but also a range of scientific subjects to his pupils he immersed himself in science and also formed a close friendship with a more knowledgeable science teacher, Edward Frankland, who encouraged him in his scientific studies. In the valedictory lecture he delivered to pupils at Queenwood he explained his decision to devote himself to the study of science at Marburg by appealing to a conventional religious justification. Science, he claimed, was the study of the divinely created Book of Nature: `What are sun, stars, science, chemistry, RWJ 64809 biological activity geology, mathematics– but pages of a book whose author is God! [In leaving Queenwood to study science in Germany] I want to know the meaning of this book, to penetrate the spirit of this author.’72 Tyndall was articulating a natural theological argument in suggesting that the study of nature would lead to a better understanding of science but also an enhanced appreciation of God the creator. A similar sentiment was expressed in a poem he penned a fortnight la.Ctor of Christ Church, Salford, preach `a capital discourse, simple, warm and practical’.66 Although Tyndall now sought a higher form of spirituality, enriched spiritual experience was not an end in itself but was of value because it enabled a person to live truthfully. Spirituality had to inform human agency, and he viewed himself as actively shaping his own mental state and his actions. Thus he was strongly opposed to the doctrine of passive obedience–`the duty of man to be content with the state into which it pleased God to call them’–which he considered constrained people’s actions and would lead to `the exclusion of laudable exertion’.67 Indeed, the shoemaker’s son turned surveyor, turned teacher (and soon to begin laboratory work in Marburg) saw himself as an intelligent skilled workman bent on self-improvement. `Man on earth is intended to be an active agent’, he wrote to a correspondent (probably Ginty). Citing John 21:25, he proceeded to point out that Jesus had been a doer, not a thinker nor a `sayer’. He ended that letter with an affirmation of the Protestant work ethic: `Work–Work–Work is man’s great business here.’68 As already stated, by the end of the period covered by this paper Tyndall considered himself to be a freethinker. Although the term freethinker is usually applied to those who rejected all religion, Tyndall sought to free himself from the need to adhere to the norms and dogmas imposed by any particular Christian sect or denomination and particularly the `inflexible’ Protestantism of his father. This is clear from the exchange he had with Robert Martin,69 a Methodist, in June 1847 over Martin’s attempt to prove from scripture the natural depravity of humankind. Tyndall questioned Martin’s arguments and his specific interpretation of certain biblical passages. In conclusion Tyndall noted that he could not conceive `that a good and merciful God would ever make our eternal salvation depend upon such slender links, as a conformity with what some are pleased to call the essentials of religion.’ Then he added a revealing autobiographical note: `I was long fettered by these things, but now thank God they are placed upon the same shelf with the swaddling clothes which bound up my infancy.’NATURE,SCIENCE AND RELIGIONAlthough he had previously worked as a surveyor for several years, Tyndall’s engagement with science was rather limited until he began teaching at Queenwood College in August 1847.71 Having to teach not only surveying but also a range of scientific subjects to his pupils he immersed himself in science and also formed a close friendship with a more knowledgeable science teacher, Edward Frankland, who encouraged him in his scientific studies. In the valedictory lecture he delivered to pupils at Queenwood he explained his decision to devote himself to the study of science at Marburg by appealing to a conventional religious justification. Science, he claimed, was the study of the divinely created Book of Nature: `What are sun, stars, science, chemistry, geology, mathematics– but pages of a book whose author is God! [In leaving Queenwood to study science in Germany] I want to know the meaning of this book, to penetrate the spirit of this author.’72 Tyndall was articulating a natural theological argument in suggesting that the study of nature would lead to a better understanding of science but also an enhanced appreciation of God the creator. A similar sentiment was expressed in a poem he penned a fortnight la.