Skeletal muscle response of IR mice to aerobic exercise. Our previous microarray analysis screened a large number of differential expressed genes involved in metabolism, defense, and inflammation and genes of unknown function [12]. The current study also showed changes of the proteins involved in metabolism including energy metabolism, mitochondrial functions. In addition, the proteins that involved in muscle contractile, oxidative stress response and protein folding and degradation were changed as well. Results from the present study show abundant changes of several proteins involved in function of chaperonin proteins, namely Hsp25 and CCT (chaperonin containing TCP-1) Beta Subunit (Cct2). Hsp25 is a member of the small heat shock proteins family, which has been shown to protect different types of cells against oxidative stress [25]. Overexpression of Hsp25 protected L929 cells against TNFa-induced ROS production, protein oxidation, and cell death [26]. In the present study, the abundance of Hsp25 18325633 protein in IR mice was AZ876 biological activity significantly increased by 6-week aerobic exercise. Interestingly, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Sod1), regarded as an antioxidant that changed in coordination with Hsp25 abundance, was also increased by order Pentagastrin exercise training in the present study, suggesting that the exercise-induced increase of Hsp25 may play a key role in improving IR by preventing oxidative stress. Another chaperonin protein observed in the present study is Cct2, which is one of eight different subunits (CCT a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and h, the equivalent of CCT1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8). Available data suggests that Cct2 mediates protein folding involved in cytoskeletal formation and contractile activity [27,28]. Cct2 has recently been identified as a novel physiological substrate for p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), which is the downstream molecular of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) [29]. Insulin activates the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mTOR pathway and utilizes S6K1 to regulate CCT phosphorylation [30]. Our results show that aerobic exercise decreases the expression of Cct2 in skeletal muscle of IR mice. Although the exact molecular mechanism ofFold Change P valueHC vs. NCMWaMatched peptidesSequence coverageScoreGI Number83011571 *Spot identified by LC-MS/MS. a Theoretical molecular mass. b Theoretical pI. NS: No significant difference between NC and HC, or HC and HE group. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053887.t002 24 Predicted: Hypothetical ProteinTable 2. Cont.Spot No.Protein NameDescription499.PlbNSSkeletal Muscle Proteome Responses to ExerciseFigure 4. Quadriceps femoris protein profiling by 2-DE. A typical 2-D-pattern gel image of 100-mg protein extract separated in a pH 3?0 IPG strip in the first dimension and 13 polyacrylamide gel in the second dimension. One 2-D gel was performed each sample, 6 samples per group. Twenty-five differentially expressed (p,0.05) spots were labeled with spot number as they appear in the MS list (see Table 2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053887.gCct2 regulation remains unclear, our findings demonstrate a link between Cct2 and aerobic exercise in the development of IR. We hypothesize that aerobic exercise might increase the protein folding activity of Cct2 through the mTOR/S6K1 pathway,Figure 5. Selected proteins from 2-DE were confirmed by immunoblot analysis. Expression of Trim72, Myh4, Skeletal Muscle Actin (SM Actin), Hsp25 and Fabp4 were assessed by western blot analysis of skeletal muscle proteins from NC, HC.Skeletal muscle response of IR mice to aerobic exercise. Our previous microarray analysis screened a large number of differential expressed genes involved in metabolism, defense, and inflammation and genes of unknown function [12]. The current study also showed changes of the proteins involved in metabolism including energy metabolism, mitochondrial functions. In addition, the proteins that involved in muscle contractile, oxidative stress response and protein folding and degradation were changed as well. Results from the present study show abundant changes of several proteins involved in function of chaperonin proteins, namely Hsp25 and CCT (chaperonin containing TCP-1) Beta Subunit (Cct2). Hsp25 is a member of the small heat shock proteins family, which has been shown to protect different types of cells against oxidative stress [25]. Overexpression of Hsp25 protected L929 cells against TNFa-induced ROS production, protein oxidation, and cell death [26]. In the present study, the abundance of Hsp25 18325633 protein in IR mice was significantly increased by 6-week aerobic exercise. Interestingly, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Sod1), regarded as an antioxidant that changed in coordination with Hsp25 abundance, was also increased by exercise training in the present study, suggesting that the exercise-induced increase of Hsp25 may play a key role in improving IR by preventing oxidative stress. Another chaperonin protein observed in the present study is Cct2, which is one of eight different subunits (CCT a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and h, the equivalent of CCT1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8). Available data suggests that Cct2 mediates protein folding involved in cytoskeletal formation and contractile activity [27,28]. Cct2 has recently been identified as a novel physiological substrate for p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), which is the downstream molecular of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) [29]. Insulin activates the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mTOR pathway and utilizes S6K1 to regulate CCT phosphorylation [30]. Our results show that aerobic exercise decreases the expression of Cct2 in skeletal muscle of IR mice. Although the exact molecular mechanism ofFold Change P valueHC vs. NCMWaMatched peptidesSequence coverageScoreGI Number83011571 *Spot identified by LC-MS/MS. a Theoretical molecular mass. b Theoretical pI. NS: No significant difference between NC and HC, or HC and HE group. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053887.t002 24 Predicted: Hypothetical ProteinTable 2. Cont.Spot No.Protein NameDescription499.PlbNSSkeletal Muscle Proteome Responses to ExerciseFigure 4. Quadriceps femoris protein profiling by 2-DE. A typical 2-D-pattern gel image of 100-mg protein extract separated in a pH 3?0 IPG strip in the first dimension and 13 polyacrylamide gel in the second dimension. One 2-D gel was performed each sample, 6 samples per group. Twenty-five differentially expressed (p,0.05) spots were labeled with spot number as they appear in the MS list (see Table 2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053887.gCct2 regulation remains unclear, our findings demonstrate a link between Cct2 and aerobic exercise in the development of IR. We hypothesize that aerobic exercise might increase the protein folding activity of Cct2 through the mTOR/S6K1 pathway,Figure 5. Selected proteins from 2-DE were confirmed by immunoblot analysis. Expression of Trim72, Myh4, Skeletal Muscle Actin (SM Actin), Hsp25 and Fabp4 were assessed by western blot analysis of skeletal muscle proteins from NC, HC.