Ated immunity through the activation of phagocytes and the induction of Th1 differentiation. Overall, our findings suggest that the cytokine profile of ab and cd DN T cells seems to contribute to the development/maintenance of distinct clinical aspects of TB, as part of the complex immunological MedChemExpress 1948-33-0 SPI1005 network triggered by the TB infection.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: MBP VPCPT TMPDG SSM. Performed the experiments: MBP RSA DMVA. Analyzed the data: MBP LRA RSA. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LRA VPCPT OAMF ATC. Wrote the paper: MBP LRA OAMF.
It is well known that seizure increases adult neurogenesis in the subgranular zones (SGZ) of dentate gyrus of hippocampus in both the rodent and human brain [1,2,3]. Newly-born dentate granule cells that arise as a result of seizure integrate into existing hippocampal circuitry and may provide network plasticity for hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Therefore, it is important to study how neurons are born in response to epileptic seizure and functionally integrated into the existing neural networks. Several factors influencing the functional integration of new-born neurons seem to be excessive neuronal activity and pro-inflammatory signaling. Severe seizure induced a short-term increase in the proliferation of neural progenitors, but most of the new cells died at 4 weeks after insult. However, the exact mechanisms by which seizure regulates progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis are not well understood. Our previous study demonstrated that hypoglycemic brain insult transiently increases the number of proliferating progenitor cells and immature neurons in the SGZ of rats, 18297096 followed by a sustained decline of progenitor cell proliferation and immature neurons 4 weeks later [4]. The mechanism underlying the rise and decline of hippocampal progenitor cell proliferation after hypoglycemia is unclear. However, we have proposed that synaptic zinc release from mossy fiber terminals is a key factor in this process, i.e. massive release of synaptic zinc after hypoglycemia stimulates neurogenesis, but reduced zinc release or reduced amount of vesicular zinc decreased neurogenesis [5]. The divalent cation zinc is the second most abundant transition metal in the brain following iron. Chelatable zinc is highly localized in the synaptic vesicle of mossy fiber terminals of the dentate granule cell [6,7]; sites where neurogenesis and neural migration are most active in the adult brain [8]. Zinc has long been recognized as a biologically essential element for brain physiology [9,10,11]. It is an essential component of more than 300 enzymes and thus involved in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular processes, including cell division and DNA synthesis [12]. Zinc also influences hormonal regulation of cell division, specifically, those cells regulated by insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) [12] or nerve growth factor (NGF) [13]. Division and migration of cerebellar granular cells is reduced after severe zinc deficiency [14,15]. Golub et al. showed that zinc deficiency impaired performance in short-term-memory tasks [16]. Thus, the evidence described above suggests that zinc is an essential element required in cell division, proliferation, migration and development,Zinc and Hippocampal Neurogenesis after Seizureand further suggests that this element may play a critical role in neurogenesis and cognitive function. The present study sought to determine the role o.Ated immunity through the activation of phagocytes and the induction of Th1 differentiation. Overall, our findings suggest that the cytokine profile of ab and cd DN T cells seems to contribute to the development/maintenance of distinct clinical aspects of TB, as part of the complex immunological network triggered by the TB infection.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: MBP VPCPT TMPDG SSM. Performed the experiments: MBP RSA DMVA. Analyzed the data: MBP LRA RSA. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LRA VPCPT OAMF ATC. Wrote the paper: MBP LRA OAMF.
It is well known that seizure increases adult neurogenesis in the subgranular zones (SGZ) of dentate gyrus of hippocampus in both the rodent and human brain [1,2,3]. Newly-born dentate granule cells that arise as a result of seizure integrate into existing hippocampal circuitry and may provide network plasticity for hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Therefore, it is important to study how neurons are born in response to epileptic seizure and functionally integrated into the existing neural networks. Several factors influencing the functional integration of new-born neurons seem to be excessive neuronal activity and pro-inflammatory signaling. Severe seizure induced a short-term increase in the proliferation of neural progenitors, but most of the new cells died at 4 weeks after insult. However, the exact mechanisms by which seizure regulates progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis are not well understood. Our previous study demonstrated that hypoglycemic brain insult transiently increases the number of proliferating progenitor cells and immature neurons in the SGZ of rats, 18297096 followed by a sustained decline of progenitor cell proliferation and immature neurons 4 weeks later [4]. The mechanism underlying the rise and decline of hippocampal progenitor cell proliferation after hypoglycemia is unclear. However, we have proposed that synaptic zinc release from mossy fiber terminals is a key factor in this process, i.e. massive release of synaptic zinc after hypoglycemia stimulates neurogenesis, but reduced zinc release or reduced amount of vesicular zinc decreased neurogenesis [5]. The divalent cation zinc is the second most abundant transition metal in the brain following iron. Chelatable zinc is highly localized in the synaptic vesicle of mossy fiber terminals of the dentate granule cell [6,7]; sites where neurogenesis and neural migration are most active in the adult brain [8]. Zinc has long been recognized as a biologically essential element for brain physiology [9,10,11]. It is an essential component of more than 300 enzymes and thus involved in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular processes, including cell division and DNA synthesis [12]. Zinc also influences hormonal regulation of cell division, specifically, those cells regulated by insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) [12] or nerve growth factor (NGF) [13]. Division and migration of cerebellar granular cells is reduced after severe zinc deficiency [14,15]. Golub et al. showed that zinc deficiency impaired performance in short-term-memory tasks [16]. Thus, the evidence described above suggests that zinc is an essential element required in cell division, proliferation, migration and development,Zinc and Hippocampal Neurogenesis after Seizureand further suggests that this element may play a critical role in neurogenesis and cognitive function. The present study sought to determine the role o.