Ntative in in vitro assays (AN-3199 conducted at 37uC). Thus, the secondary conformation of the PS-modified SL2-B aptamer was investigated. Positive maxima peaks were observed at 260 nm and 220 nm as well as a negative minima peak at 240 nm and additional small shoulder peak at 290 nm (Figure 4). Based on the previous reports, such spectra reflect a typical hairpin stem-loop conformation [45]. Since no change inAntiproliferative Activity of Aptamer on CancerFigure 7. Annexin V assay of Hep G2 cells treated with modified sequence and scrambled sequence. (A) The scatterplot depicting the distribution of cells with annexin V staining along the x-axis and those stained with 12926553 propidium iodide (PI) along the y-axis. Region R10 denotes the viable population (double negative for annexin V and PI), R9 the non-viable cells (double positive for annexin V and PI), R11 shows the annexin V positive (PI negative) population while R8 are the damaged cells (PI positive but annexin-V negative). (B) Histogram of the R9 quadrant data. The analysis of the triplicate samples for showed a significantly higher amount of dead cells (p-value ,0.05) in the modified sequence treatment compared to the scrambled sequence control. (C) Histogram of R11 quadrant data. The results show no significant difference for early apoptosis. Error bars = SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050964.gFigure 8. Flow cytometry histogram of Jagged-1 protein expression in Hep G2 cells using anti-human Jagged-1 antibody and quantitative analysis of flow cytometry result. Each histogram curve represents the expression of Jagged-1 obtained with (gray line) and without (black line, negative control) treatment with PS-modified SL2-B aptamer at 15 mM concentration. *Significant difference from the negative control sample at p-value ,0.05. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050964.gAntiproliferative Activity of Aptamer on CancerFigure 9. Western blot of whole cell lysates from Hep G2 cells treated with the PS-modified SL2 aptamer and scrambled sequence (control). The expression of Jagged-1 protein in Hep G2 cells was assessed. Calnexin protein was used as a loading control. Error bar = SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050964.gand late apoptotic cells include cell population that is both annexin V and PI positive (R9). The apoptosis assay showed increased percentage of cell death with modified sequence compared with the scrambled sequence treatment in late apoptosis phase (Figure 7B, p-value ,0.05). However, the percentage of cells undergoing late apoptosis was not very high and no significant difference in cell count was observed between modified and scrambled sequence in early apoptosis phase (Figure 7C). This result indicates that besides apoptosis, other non-apoptotic cell death mechanism such as senescence may be involved in induction of cell death in the Hep G2 cells. To confirm the antiproliferative ability of the PS-modified SL2B aptamer, we further investigated the effect with MCF-7 cells and HCT-116 cells since existing literature has shown that they also 50-14-6 site overexpress VEGF protein in hypoxia conditions [47,48]. A 15 mM modified SL2-B concentration was used in this study but our results showed that both MCF-7 and HCT-116 cancer cells displayed only 2363.2 and 961.8 decrease in cell proliferation was observed respectively. Based on these cell proliferation results, the effect of PS-modified SL2-B sequence on cell proliferation is believed to be cell type specific. Since antiproliferative effect on MCF-7 an.Ntative in in vitro assays (conducted at 37uC). Thus, the secondary conformation of the PS-modified SL2-B aptamer was investigated. Positive maxima peaks were observed at 260 nm and 220 nm as well as a negative minima peak at 240 nm and additional small shoulder peak at 290 nm (Figure 4). Based on the previous reports, such spectra reflect a typical hairpin stem-loop conformation [45]. Since no change inAntiproliferative Activity of Aptamer on CancerFigure 7. Annexin V assay of Hep G2 cells treated with modified sequence and scrambled sequence. (A) The scatterplot depicting the distribution of cells with annexin V staining along the x-axis and those stained with 12926553 propidium iodide (PI) along the y-axis. Region R10 denotes the viable population (double negative for annexin V and PI), R9 the non-viable cells (double positive for annexin V and PI), R11 shows the annexin V positive (PI negative) population while R8 are the damaged cells (PI positive but annexin-V negative). (B) Histogram of the R9 quadrant data. The analysis of the triplicate samples for showed a significantly higher amount of dead cells (p-value ,0.05) in the modified sequence treatment compared to the scrambled sequence control. (C) Histogram of R11 quadrant data. The results show no significant difference for early apoptosis. Error bars = SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050964.gFigure 8. Flow cytometry histogram of Jagged-1 protein expression in Hep G2 cells using anti-human Jagged-1 antibody and quantitative analysis of flow cytometry result. Each histogram curve represents the expression of Jagged-1 obtained with (gray line) and without (black line, negative control) treatment with PS-modified SL2-B aptamer at 15 mM concentration. *Significant difference from the negative control sample at p-value ,0.05. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050964.gAntiproliferative Activity of Aptamer on CancerFigure 9. Western blot of whole cell lysates from Hep G2 cells treated with the PS-modified SL2 aptamer and scrambled sequence (control). The expression of Jagged-1 protein in Hep G2 cells was assessed. Calnexin protein was used as a loading control. Error bar = SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050964.gand late apoptotic cells include cell population that is both annexin V and PI positive (R9). The apoptosis assay showed increased percentage of cell death with modified sequence compared with the scrambled sequence treatment in late apoptosis phase (Figure 7B, p-value ,0.05). However, the percentage of cells undergoing late apoptosis was not very high and no significant difference in cell count was observed between modified and scrambled sequence in early apoptosis phase (Figure 7C). This result indicates that besides apoptosis, other non-apoptotic cell death mechanism such as senescence may be involved in induction of cell death in the Hep G2 cells. To confirm the antiproliferative ability of the PS-modified SL2B aptamer, we further investigated the effect with MCF-7 cells and HCT-116 cells since existing literature has shown that they also overexpress VEGF protein in hypoxia conditions [47,48]. A 15 mM modified SL2-B concentration was used in this study but our results showed that both MCF-7 and HCT-116 cancer cells displayed only 2363.2 and 961.8 decrease in cell proliferation was observed respectively. Based on these cell proliferation results, the effect of PS-modified SL2-B sequence on cell proliferation is believed to be cell type specific. Since antiproliferative effect on MCF-7 an.
of R11 quadrant data. The results show no significant difference for early apoptosis. Error bars = SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050964.gFigure 8. Flow cytometry histogram of Jagged-1 protein expression in Hep G2 cells using anti-human Jagged-1 antibody and quantitative analysis of flow cytometry result. Each histogram curve represents the expression of Jagged-1 obtained with (gray line) and without (black line, negative control) treatment with PS-modified SL2-B aptamer at 15 mM concentration. *Significant difference from the negative control sample at p-value ,0.05. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050964.gAntiproliferative Activity of Aptamer on CancerFigure 9. Western blot of whole cell lysates from Hep G2 cells treated with the PS-modified SL2 aptamer and scrambled sequence (control). The expression of Jagged-1 protein in Hep G2 cells was assessed. Calnexin protein was used as a loading control. Error bar = SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050964.gand late apoptotic cells include cell population that is both annexin V and PI positive (R9). The apoptosis assay showed increased percentage of cell death with modified sequence compared with the scrambled sequence treatment in late apoptosis phase (Figure 7B, p-value ,0.05). However, the percentage of cells undergoing late apoptosis was not very high and no significant difference in cell count was observed between modified and scrambled sequence in early apoptosis phase (Figure 7C). This result indicates that besides apoptosis, other non-apoptotic cell death mechanism such as senescence may be involved in induction of cell death in the Hep G2 cells. To confirm the antiproliferative ability of the PS-modified SL2B aptamer, we further investigated the effect with MCF-7 cells and HCT-116 cells since existing literature has shown that they also overexpress VEGF protein in hypoxia conditions [47,48]. A 15 mM modified SL2-B concentration was used in this study but our results showed that both MCF-7 and HCT-116 cancer cells displayed only 2363.2 and 961.8 decrease in cell proliferation was observed respectively. Based on these cell proliferation results, the effect of PS-modified SL2-B sequence on cell proliferation is believed to be cell type specific. Since antiproliferative effect on MCF-7 an.