Containing 10 FBS was added to the culture medium 6 h after transfection. Forty eight hours after transfection, the transfected cells were observed using an inverted system microscope IX71 (Olympus) or used for immunofluorescent staining, immunoblot analysis, or co-immunoprecipitation.FluorescenceHEK293 cells were plated onto cover slips in a 12-well plate. The following day they were transfected using Lipofect2000TM (Invitrogen). Forty-eight hours after transfection, they were incubated 10 mg/ml Hoechst 33258 (Sigma) to visualize the nucleus for 5 min at 37uC. Analysis was performed using an inverted system microscope IX71 (Olympus).Preparation of cell extracts and NTA precipitationThirty hours after transfection, cells were lysed in 1 ml of lysis buffer (6M guanidine hydrochloride, 100 mM NaH2PO4, and 10 mM Tris [pH 7.8]). After sonication, 90 lysate was incubated with 25 ml of Ni itrilotriacetic acid (NTA) magnetic agarose beads (Qiagen). The beads were washed twice with washing buffer (pH 7.8) containing 8 M urea, followed by washing with a buffer (pH 6.3) containing 8 M urea. After a final wash with phosphatebuffered saline (PBS), the beads were eluted with 26SDS sample buffer for immunoblot analysis. Then 10 lysate was subjected to trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation and used as a whole cell extract (WCE). The proteins were analyzed by Gracillin cost Western blotting using the appropriate antibodies as described recently [33].Subcellular fractionationHEK293 cells transfected with expression plasmids were fractionated into 
cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions 24 h after transfection. After being washed twice with pre-cold PBS, 
cells were lysed in fractionation buffer containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 NP-40 15481974 and complete mini protease inhibitor cocktail, for 30 min at 11967625 4uC. Following centrifugation at 6006g for 10 min at 4uC, the supernatant was collected as the cytoplasmic fraction. The pellets, resuspended with pellet buffer containing 2 SDS, as the nuclear fraction.ImmunoprecipitationHEK293 cells were collected 48 h after transfection. The cells were sonicated in TSPI buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.5], 150 mM sodium chloride, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mg/ml of aprotinin, 10 mg/ml of leupeptin, 0.5 mM Pefabloc SC, and 10 mg/ml of pepstain) containing 1 NP-40. Cellular debris was 370-86-5 web removed by centrifugation at 12,0006g for 15 min at 4uC. The supernatants were incubated with the antibodies in 0.01 BSA for 4 h at 4uC. After incubation, protein G Sepharose (Roche) was used for precipitation. The beads were washed with TSPI buffer four times, and then bound immunoprecipitants were eluted with 26SDS sample buffer for immunoblot analysis.Table 1. Primers for amplification.Primers* Sequence W1 W2 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 59-ACGGGATCCGCCACCATGGAGTCCATCTTCCACG-39 59-CCCAAGCTTGGGCATGTCAGATAAAGTGTGAAGG-39 59-ACGGGATCCGCCACCATGGAGTCCA-39 59- ATCTTCCACGAGAGACAAGGTACG-39 59-TTTGTTGTTAGAGGTGATCTGCCAG-39 59-CAGATCACCTCTAACAACAAATATAG-39 59-AGAGTCCATAGAACAGACCTGGAACG-39 59-AGGTCTGTTCTATGGACTCTTTGCTC-RIPA-soluble and RIPA-insoluble fractionFor serial extraction in RIPA and formic acid, cells were washed twice in PBS and then lysed in 600 ml RIPA buffer and centrifuged for 20 min at 40,000 g at 4uC. Supernatant was collected as the soluble protein for Western blot, and the pellet was resuspended in 100 ml 70 formic acid with sonication until clear. Formic acid*Primers used are described in Experimental Procedures. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054214.tThe Effect of S.Containing 10 FBS was added to the culture medium 6 h after transfection. Forty eight hours after transfection, the transfected cells were observed using an inverted system microscope IX71 (Olympus) or used for immunofluorescent staining, immunoblot analysis, or co-immunoprecipitation.FluorescenceHEK293 cells were plated onto cover slips in a 12-well plate. The following day they were transfected using Lipofect2000TM (Invitrogen). Forty-eight hours after transfection, they were incubated 10 mg/ml Hoechst 33258 (Sigma) to visualize the nucleus for 5 min at 37uC. Analysis was performed using an inverted system microscope IX71 (Olympus).Preparation of cell extracts and NTA precipitationThirty hours after transfection, cells were lysed in 1 ml of lysis buffer (6M guanidine hydrochloride, 100 mM NaH2PO4, and 10 mM Tris [pH 7.8]). After sonication, 90 lysate was incubated with 25 ml of Ni itrilotriacetic acid (NTA) magnetic agarose beads (Qiagen). The beads were washed twice with washing buffer (pH 7.8) containing 8 M urea, followed by washing with a buffer (pH 6.3) containing 8 M urea. After a final wash with phosphatebuffered saline (PBS), the beads were eluted with 26SDS sample buffer for immunoblot analysis. Then 10 lysate was subjected to trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation and used as a whole cell extract (WCE). The proteins were analyzed by Western blotting using the appropriate antibodies as described recently [33].Subcellular fractionationHEK293 cells transfected with expression plasmids were fractionated into cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions 24 h after transfection. After being washed twice with pre-cold PBS, cells were lysed in fractionation buffer containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 NP-40 15481974 and complete mini protease inhibitor cocktail, for 30 min at 11967625 4uC. Following centrifugation at 6006g for 10 min at 4uC, the supernatant was collected as the cytoplasmic fraction. The pellets, resuspended with pellet buffer containing 2 SDS, as the nuclear fraction.ImmunoprecipitationHEK293 cells were collected 48 h after transfection. The cells were sonicated in TSPI buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.5], 150 mM sodium chloride, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mg/ml of aprotinin, 10 mg/ml of leupeptin, 0.5 mM Pefabloc SC, and 10 mg/ml of pepstain) containing 1 NP-40. Cellular debris was removed by centrifugation at 12,0006g for 15 min at 4uC. The supernatants were incubated with the antibodies in 0.01 BSA for 4 h at 4uC. After incubation, protein G Sepharose (Roche) was used for precipitation. The beads were washed with TSPI buffer four times, and then bound immunoprecipitants were eluted with 26SDS sample buffer for immunoblot analysis.Table 1. Primers for amplification.Primers* Sequence W1 W2 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 59-ACGGGATCCGCCACCATGGAGTCCATCTTCCACG-39 59-CCCAAGCTTGGGCATGTCAGATAAAGTGTGAAGG-39 59-ACGGGATCCGCCACCATGGAGTCCA-39 59- ATCTTCCACGAGAGACAAGGTACG-39 59-TTTGTTGTTAGAGGTGATCTGCCAG-39 59-CAGATCACCTCTAACAACAAATATAG-39 59-AGAGTCCATAGAACAGACCTGGAACG-39 59-AGGTCTGTTCTATGGACTCTTTGCTC-RIPA-soluble and RIPA-insoluble fractionFor serial extraction in RIPA and formic acid, cells were washed twice in PBS and then lysed in 600 ml RIPA buffer and centrifuged for 20 min at 40,000 g at 4uC. Supernatant was collected as the soluble protein for Western blot, and the pellet was resuspended in 100 ml 70 formic acid with sonication until clear. Formic acid*Primers used are described in Experimental Procedures. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054214.tThe Effect of S.